WLED PROJECT VISION & GOALS

VISION

I have always been interested in all the LED lights that were flashing with different colors and pixel arts. Around 2017, I heard about the WLED project that can make NodeMCU like MSP32 to run the strip of LED lights. I planned on starting an LED project or control the lights and ultimately build a display that allows me to one day run the animation of pixel arts.

GOALS

• Find a mature platform that is based on an OpenSource project that I can build my project on

• Build a large LED matrix display (hardware) that I can hang up on my office wall and learn different capabilities (software)

• Ultimately this is a fun project focused on learning the different use case for the WLED and IoT devices like ESP32

PROJECT: 32x32 WLED Pixel Art Frame using ESP32

In the winter of 2023, my fascination was piqued by the myriad of LED lighting projects that flooded the internet and YouTube. Their mesmerizing displays brought to mind the vibrant cityscapes of the movie "Blade Runner". Inspired, I unearthed my old 16x16 LED matrix display panel and paired it with an ESP32 that had been gathering dust. This marked the beginning of a journey deep into the world of LED Matrix projects.

I first spent many hours just watching various LED Matrix projects followed by hundreds of hours of watching and reading about the WLED and MoonModules projects. It was surprising to witness the leaps and bounds by which these open-source initiatives had progressed. After the holidays, the shipment of four 16x16 matrix display panels and other parts I ordered from Amazon have arrived. That weekend, I dedicated myself to assembling a prototype of a 32x32 Matrix Pixel Art Frame with the Sound Reactive capability (I since replaced the prototype ESP32 controller with bunch of wires on a breadboard to more trustworthy and certified WLED controller unit to make sure my invention does not get the house on fire. LOL). The picture above shows the operational model of the 32x32 Matrix Frame, running on WLED v0.14.1, “Hoshi”.

It's a daily delight to sit at my desk, watching the dancing lights sync harmoniously with the background music. This experience continually fuels my curiosity, especially towards the MoonModules project – a fascinating fork of the original WLED project. There's much more to explore and learn in this vibrant world of LED art.

Let the rhythms of 60’s psychedelic music fill the air! Let the lights dance!

Some of the videos and sites I have referenced:

• WLED Project site - link

• WLED MoonModules Project - link

• 32x32 WLED Matrix with Sound Reactive (YouTube: Make It Work) - link

• 1000+ LED Matrix Setup, Power, Control, Tips (YouTube: Chris Maher) - link

• Building an LED Curtain with WLED (YouTube: ResinChem Tech) - link

PROJECT: ROS SLAM Navigation Robot with Mecanum Wheels - Yahboom ROSMASTER X3

I have been dabbling with various ROS robots over the years. Recently, I have been looking for a ROS2 Robot kit (so I don’t have to build a robot from scratch) with mecanum wheels that I can tinker and learn more about the SLAM navigation capabilities in the ROS2. Of course, I needed this thing to be over engineered by adding a cheap Lidar, depth camera, run from various processors including Jetson Nano and Raspberry Pi4B as well as being small form factored. Oh, also good documentation and lots of example codes so I don’t have to start from scratch.

Well.. to my surprise, I found one that was exactly what I was looking for!

Yahboom ROS Master X3

• Robot Repo here - http://www.yahboom.net/study/ROSMASTER-X3

• Over view video here - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_fsbd6Urcek

• Installation video here - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JVqzgYPJW0M

• Example Training Video (ROS Basic in Chinese with English subtitle) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YcU-VxIWSkE

Following are some of the key capabilities that stood out for me:

• Multiple Processor Support - Although the Jetson TX2-NX is recommended as the best cost per performance option, Jetson Nano or Raspberry Pi 4B is also supported. Unlike many people who is looking for the best performance option, I needed it to be at the edge of failure to really test and push the behavior of the algorithms at its peak. It seems like I can swap between the Jetson TX2-NX and RaspPi4B to compare the difference in performance as the RaspPi peaks its limit. Also note that the some components are different between which processor kit you buy - you can purchase the separate components at the Yahboom site.

• Small Form Factor with Lots of Capabilities - This kit seems to include just about everything you need to get started with ROS2 for SLAM navigation. It includes mecanum wheels for omni-directional movement, lidar and a depth camera used for 3D point crude and SLAM mapping navigation, voice interactive module, Computer Vision support, 9 axis attitude sensor, and most importantly ROS2 support.

• Good Documentation for Learning - Good English documentation and code examples. They also have training videos available (the videos are in Chinese with English subtitle). It is very important to remember that such kit is at the end of the day, a toy that is designed to help learning. This means it will fail to work more times than it works like in the video - a key part of learning to be a great engineer is to overcome the failure and keep moving forward! (or at least, I try to tell myself that so I don’t go crazy with too much frustration).

My ultimate object for this mecanum wheel rover robot project is to build 3 to 4 full size robots (3x3 feet or 1x1 meters) that will navigate on the factory floor to be able to conduct navigation and work cooperatively in a group. It seems like this robot already does the things I needed in a full size robot, so this will be a nice learning tool that I can tote around helping me learn the capabilities of the ROS2 navigation, use of simulation tools, and the software codes that I can further develop which will be transferable over to the full size robot. I am sure there will be plenty of unexpected surprises and hidden pitfalls that will crush my will - as always this engineering and it is never easy. However, this is a good start for me & may be a good educational robot for people to jump start.

Planned Next Steps

• Well.. this is a ROS2 learning project for me. I will capture lessons learned, configuration tips and tricks that will help me in a full robot. Also collection of codes that I collect and build along the way.

PROJECT: Dogzilla the AI Robot Dog - Yahboom Smart Mechanical Dog

Yahboom’s AI Robot Dog - DOGZILLA S1

I have been trying to find a good robot dog platform for a while to start my new project. Just like the hexapod (6 legged) and the quadruped (4 legged) robot projects, my robot dog project focuses on the evolution of a robot’s walking posture or “gait”. As such, I needed a solid mechanical platform with a good posture representation of a four legged animal such as a dog. I tried several different platforms including 3d printed options, but I did not find anything that met my needs.

During the lunch time web browsing session today, I found one that I though provided a good starting point for me - Yahboom’s Dogzilla Robot Dog.

Following are some reference for the robot:

• Dogzilla Repo - http://www.yahboom.net/study/DOGZILLA-S1

• Overview video - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JSU1tdqNJ30

• Installation video - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8b56pwhilv4

Following are some of the key capabilities that stood out for me:

• Processors - Raspberry Pi as a main controller for heavy lifting (e.g. computer vision) while the STM32 as a co-processor for driving sensors and movement motor/servos. One upgrade option to consider is to move up to a bit faster processors like JetsonNano in lieu of the RaspPi4B.

• Computer Vision - Equipped with a camera module and the OpenCV to achieve some basic “AI vision” functionalities such as face recognition, QR code identification, color identification, and target tracking. One upgrade path is to add a depth camera such as Oak-D-Lite camera.

• Accurate Joint Representation - Although many of the quadruped (4 legged) robots have 3 DOF (3 degrees of freedom/3 joints), the position of the servos can have a great impact on the representation of a more accurate walking motion of a 4 legged animal/dog. As you can see in the videos, the Dogzilla have joints/servos in the elbow, shoulder, and the hip that can represent more accurate walking gait of a mechanical dog. Also, the 12 (4 x 3 DOF) joints are represented by 12 bus servos which makes the wiring simpler by daisy chaining from one servo to another.

• Kinematics Motion Planning - The joint movement is based on the inverse kinematics. This allows for the omnidirectional motion that is smoother and natural without jigged “robot-like” movements. You can see the robot’s movement in the video that shows forward, backward, left, and right movements & the multi-dimensional attitude control to achieve a stable posture during the various walking gaits. This was probably the biggest selling point for my needs.

• Frame - Metallic frame allows the robot to have a slimmer body shape while providing strength and keeping the overall weight down (compared to using plastic body). Also, it allows some modification to the body without significantly weakening the overall structural integrity.

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Planned Next Steps

• When the robot arrives, take some internal photos of the robot especially the layout of the legs and joints.

• Identify major walking gaits available for the robot out of the box.

PROJECT: Neato BotVac Robot - How to install ROS2 Foxy + 64bit Linux Server on a Raspberry Pi4 (and not cry)

A friendly names like a Raspberry Pi, BotVac…. for a moment, I forgot I was still dealing with technology.

As I started the ROS2 project, my objective was to quickly install the ROS2 and get to learning to tools. However, with the various obstacles, I’ve decided to write out the steps and things that will certainly stall me in the future. Following are some of the instructions that I found that explains steps to install the ROS2 on RPi4.

• https://roboticsbackend.com/install-ros2-on-raspberry-pi/

• https://raspberrypiprojects.com/install-ros-2-foxy-fitzroy-on-a-raspberry-pi/

• https://docs.ros.org/en/rolling/Installation/Maintaining-a-Source-Checkout.html

• https://github.com/cpeavy2/botvac_node

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Following are the steps that I have used to install 64bit Linux Ubuntu Server 20.04 + ROS2 on a Raspberry Pi4 8gb model - for use with the Neato BotVac D5 Connect Robot

1. Download & burn Raspberry Pi4 image to a SD card - 64-bit Linux Server 20.04 - Done

   • Images are here - https://ubuntu.com/download/raspberry-pi

   • I used 32gb class 10 SD card - perhaps I may move to 64gb later, but I like 32gb as I can make a quick backup copy of the card or retrieve from a backup around 30min.

   • Install instructions

     • Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rpKZKvOMmy8

     • Blog: https://pimylifeup.com/ubuntu-server-raspberry-pi/
       

2. Configure Ubuntu 64-bit Linux Server - Done

   • Default Ubuntu ID & PW: ubuntu

   • Setup wifi on Ubuntu/RPi4: https://itsfoss.com/connect-wifi-terminal-ubuntu/

     • caution: when you nano to modify yaml fie, make sure you use 4 spacebar (using tab key will cause error).

     • only thing I had to do was to modify the yaml file. In my case I had to do the “sudo netplan generate” & “sudo netplan generate” after I added the wifi info on the yaml file.

   • Tested and made sure I can just power up the RPi4 and remote in headless from my laptop - a good place to make a backup image of the SD card

     • command used from my Mac - ssh ubuntu@192.168.1.xxx (192.168.1.xxx is the IP address of your RPi4)

     • if you are retrieving from a backup image and try to connect headless, you may get “warning: remote host identification has changed” message. Use the command here to reset

       • ssh-keygen -R 192.168.1.xxx <— IP address of the RPi4

3. Install ROS2 and required packages on the Linux image - Done

   • Referenced following resources

     • https://roboticsbackend.com/install-ros2-on-raspberry-pi/

     • https://github.com/cpeavy2/botvac_node

   • You may have to run the script below. To learn more about the ROS GPG Key Expiration Incident - ROS Discourse link HERE

     • sudo curl -sSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ros/rosdistro/master/ros.key -o /usr/share/keyrings/ros-archive-keyring.gpg

   • Update and Setup Locale

     • sudo apt update && sudo apt install locales

     • sudo locale-gen en_US en_US.UTF-8

     • sudo update-locale LC_ALL=en_US.UTF-8 LANG=en_US.UTF-8

     • export LANG=en_US.UTF-8

   • Setup Sources

     • sudo apt update && sudo apt install curl gnupg2 lsb-release

     • sudo curl -s https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ros/rosdistro/master/ros.asc | sudo apt-key add -

     • sudo sh -c 'echo "deb [arch=$(dpkg --print-architecture)] http://packages.ros.org/ros2/ubuntu $(lsb_release -cs) main" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ros2-latest.list'

   • Install ROS2 Core Packages - base package includes many other packages

     • sudo apt update

     • sudo apt install ros-foxy-ros-base

   • Install Colcon (Build Tool)

     • sudo apt install python3-colcon-common-extensions

   • Auto-completion for ROS2 command line tools (optional, but recommended)

     • sudo apt install python3-argcomplete
       

4. Configure Your Environment for ROS2 & Build Test - Done

   • Add instruction to source your ROS2 environment on the bashrc file

     • echo "source /opt/ros/foxy/setup.bash" >> ~/.bashrc

   • To conduct a build test, we are creating a workspace folder called “robot_ws”. You can change it to any folder name you want. Following commands test and confirm the install - you will see following folders created: build,  install,  log,  src

   • Note: your current directory/pwd is /home/ubuntu.

     • mkdir -p ~/robot_ws/src

     • cd ~/robot_ws/

     • colcon build --symlink-install
       

5. Install and Configure the BotVac - Done

   • Install required packages

     • sudo apt install build-essential

     • sudo apt install ros-foxy-xacro

     • sudo apt install python3-rosdep2

   • Clone packages for the BotVac & Build

     • cd ~/robot_ws/src

     • git clone https://github.com/jnugen/botvac_node.git

     • git clone https://github.com/jnugen/neato_robot.git

     • git clone https://github.com/kobuki-base/cmd_vel_mux.git

     • git clone https://github.com/kobuki-base/velocity_smoother.git

     • git clone -b foxy-devel https://github.com/ros-planning/navigation2.git

     • cd ..

     • rosdep update

     • rosdep install --from-paths src --ignore-src -r -y

     • colcon build (note: the build time for me was around 49min)

     • source install/setup.bash

6. Launch ROS2 on RPi4 (Note: RPi4 will have to be connected to the BotVac via micro USB) - DONE

   • ros2 launch botvac_node botvac_base_only.launch.py

     • If you see a screen like below with no error, you are good to go. Congrats!

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Troubleshooting ideas

• If you are like me, things will certainly not go right the first time or the second or the third time. Following are some of the issues I had and the way I fixed it.

• This is really more to help me reference as I run into issue in the future when I reinstall ROS2. Hopefully, some of workaround here can help you troubleshoot your issue as well.

ERROR: Could not access serial port: /dev/ttyACM0” & ERROR: Could not connect to Botvac

• ISSUE: RPi4/ROS2 is not seeing the BotVac robot - if you see the error similar to the screenshot above (Error: “Could not access serial port: /dev/ttyACM0” and/or “Could not connect to Botvac”)

• When the Neato robot is properly connected, it will show up as “ttyACM0” in the /dev directory. If it does not show up, try the following

  • Unplug the micro usb cable and plug back in to see if it will appear. You can also try rebooting the RPi as well.

  • Try to change the micro usb cable. Some of the cheap cables are rates for charging only (no support for data transmission) so make sure you are using a proper cable.

    • This is the one that bit me. I used the shortest cable I had, but that caused the problem.

• ISSUE: The Linux OS installed fine, but start getting bunch of error message while trying to install ROS2.

  • There is a known issue that was due to ROS GPG key. Reference HERE. Use the short script they have provided for ROS2. In my case, that fixed the majority of the issues while trying to install ROS2.

• ISSUE: Every thing worked and tested fine. However, a few days later, I start receiving error when trying to launch the ROS2/Neato script - ros2 launch botvac_node botvac_base_only.launch.py

  • Try reinstalling the steps in Step #5 - Clone packages for the BotVac & Build.

  • I had to do this a few times. I suspect it has to do with how I ended the session on the previous day. I am not sure yet what I am doing wrong, but running the steps from the Clone packages on the #5 seems to fix the problem.

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Planned Next Steps

• Test drive the robot headless (remotely) from a separate ROS2 computer. Since I only installed the most essential applications on the RPi, I will have to use the laptop/PC with full suite of ROS2 to use navigation functions. Since I am new to these tools in ROS2, I am going to take time learning all about the tool and get started.

• Also, I have to learn about the robot both mechanically as well as its software APIs. All the information I gather will be included in the next project update.

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This is for my personal use - Reference material while I am studying ROS2.

Neato BotVac

• For reference

  • Neato D5 Review - https://smartrobotreviews.com/buying-guide/neato-botvac-d5-connected.html

  • Neato Pi Hack - https://www.robotshop.com/community/robots/show/neato-robot-with-raspberry-pi-hack

  • Hackaday - https://hackaday.com/tag/neato/

  • Servo Magazine - https://www.servomagazine.com/magazine/article/neato-ros-robot-navigation

  • questions & discussions: http://www.robotreviews.com/

  • Nav2 - https://roscon.ros.org/2019/talks/roscon2019_navigation2_overview_final.pdf

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research workaround

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fxRWY0j3p_U

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AmuLiA840fA

PROJECT: Biped Self Balancing Humanoid Robot - Bare metal robot using hobby servos

A better part of my last 10 years have been spent working on the autonomous drone technology and a biped (2 legged) humanoid robots. Just like Dr. Guero’s passion projects (reference here), I also believe the advanced movement of a human body comes from the human intelligence. Although the drone technology provided limited amount of success, my research related to Biped humanoid was very much a stand still. As such, I took a detour last few years focusing on various other AI technologies specifically on the Reinforcement Learning applications in the robotics. However, I recently run in to a Korean Roboticist who is working on building soccer playing robots. Unlike the wheeled soccer playing robots where the technology have advanced greatly during the last several years, soccer playing humanoid is still at an infant stage. The biggest huddle is to have the humanoid robot walk without falling down. It is true, despite of all the videos you see about the dancing robots from Boston Dynamics, rest of us are having hard time keeping it from falling down.

As you can see from the Youtube video above, it is a simple bare metal robot made of 3 hobby servos on each leg. There is a 3 axis gyro sensor on the robot’s torso that detects angular change from the side to side. Once the external force is applied to it, the robot compensates the push by momentally kicking out the leg on the same side. This counter action is enough to keep the balance and prevent the robot from falling down. Notice the robot’s foot is tiny, so the balance is all coming from the robot’s sensors.

This got me really inspired and I wanted to get my bipedal project back up and ultimately test out a newly learned theory (Thousand Brains theory by Jeff Hawkins; more in the future). I know this will be another long and grueling journey, so I am purposely going to go slow and steady. However, armed with the Dr. Hawkin’s new idea, I might be on to something this time. (Well, this is what I said about 10 years ago).

So I cobbled up my hobby servos and robot frames, this time using high torque servos just to make sure the robot have enough strength, built the lower half of the robot. Once some of the initial experiments are done to validate a few things I have in mind, I will be adding a servo with some weight on top to represent the weight of the upper body. Well, another 10 years. Let’s Go!

By the way, if you have not see it yet, here are some of the bipedal humanoids videos you must see. Maybe you might get inspired to start your own crazy projects.

PROJECT: ROS2 Using Neato BotVac D5 Connected Robot & 8GB Raspberry Pi4

Okay, after dabbling with the ROS2 (Robot OS version 2), I’ve decided to finally go all in with the ROS2. Although there are many benefits of using ROS, it is not a true Robot Operating System under the meaning of OS/Operating System. However, ROS now have a large and very active community behind it which is a big plus for the open source technology. Also, there are many reusable tools and libraries that are built on the ROS, which can significantly save time and especially if you or your engineering team lack the expertise in certain area. As for me, ROS (original ROS) helped me get started with some of my research projects by utilizing tools that were already developed and tested by the community without having me develop all the components and softwares myself. This allowed me to jump straight in to the area of my research without having to spend months building the robot and the base softwares.

As for the ROS2, it brings significant advantages such as how the modules (aka ROS nodes) communicate, support of Python3, and enhanced security. However, the difference between the ROS and ROS2 is significant enough where people who are proficient in the ROS or currently have an active ROS1 project was hesitant to change over. To me, this is somewhat like the time when the tipping finally happened with the Python3 and the remaining Python2 users had to bite the bullet. I see 2021 a year when the tipping is clear and majority of the ROS users will finally start making the move over especially with their new projects.

Unless I am pursuing a project simply to play around and test the technology, I normally try to envision where I want to go with the project and set the short-term and longer-term goals. Unlike many of my other robotics projects where I start from bare metal, I plan to use my ROS2 project purposefully designed to be shared with the ROS community and utilize the components and modules that are widely available. Also, the type of robots I want to focus during the next few years using the ROS2 will be largely on the “Human and Robot interaction”. This means the robot will have to be 1) Mobile in and/or outside the house, 2) Must be safe for human, animal, and properties, and 3) Need variety of ways to communicate and interact with human, animal, and household goods.

Keeping with this vision, I’ve picked up a used “Neato BotVac D5 Connect”. The Neato BotVac has the dirt bin that can be used to house my Raspberry Pi4 and MCU (for the micro controller unit, I will be using a good old Arduino Mega, but I may eventually jump over to the Teensy 4.1 due to it’s small size and the built in logging capability). The RPi4 is the model with maximum 8GB memory as I am almost certain that it will be a struggle trying to run ROS2 for SLAM and various other applications. RPi4 is housed in the “Armor case with fan” (reference my research page Here). The customized dirt-bin cover (metallic silver colored) was given to me by a good friend and a mentor. I would have been stuck without a cover after removing the dirt-bin.

Although the unit was in a very good shape, I did a through cleanup and removed all the vacuum parts that are not needed. As such, the space where the roller used to be is a nice empty space that is in the front and is open to the ground. It will be a great place to house various sensors and electronics.

Well.. a very good start as I have all the hardware for the ROS2 robot without having to build anything! Next step will be to install the 64-bit Linux Ubuntu + ROS2 on a SD card for the RPi4. I will also have to setup an old Dell laptop with a Linux + ROS2 to use as a controller system by SSH (remotely connect) into the robot’s Linux/ROS.

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Planned Next Steps - Quickly get to a SLAM capable ROS2 Robot Platform

1. Download & burn Raspberry Pi4 image to a SD card - 64-bit Linux Server 20.04 - Done

   • https://ubuntu.com/download/raspberry-pi

   • I used 32gb class 10 SD card - perhaps I may move to 64gb later, but I like 32 as I can make a quick copy of the card (usually under 30min & retrieval is under 15min)

2. Configure Ubuntu 64-bit Linux Server - Done

   • Default Ubuntu ID & PW: ubuntu

   • Install instructions

     • Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rpKZKvOMmy8

     • Blog: https://pimylifeup.com/ubuntu-server-raspberry-pi/

   • Setup wifi on Ubuntu/RPi4: https://itsfoss.com/connect-wifi-terminal-ubuntu/

     • caution: when you nano to modify yaml fie, make sure you use 4 spacebar (using tab key will cause error).

3. Install ROS2 on the Linux image & test - WIP

   • I followed the github repo here: https://github.com/cpeavy2/botvac_node

     • other resources for reference: https://github.com/SV-ROS/intro_to_ros

   • Ran into an issue while trying to install a required packages: ros-foxy-xacro

     • sudo apt install ros-foxy-xacro <— unable to locate package error

     • Googling did not provide and answer, so the next step is to brute-force by installing the package manually

       • location for the xacro package - http://packages.ros.org/ros2/ubuntu/pool/main/r/ros-foxy-xacro/

       • *arm64.deb file can be downloaded to Linux (using curl -O command) & installed manually (I used gdebi as it automatically resolves dependencies) - https://linuxhint.com/manual_install_deb_package_cli_ubuntu/

     • As usual, nothing about computers are easy. I had to trace down and manually install a few additional packages.

       • first I needed ros-foxy-ament-index-python

       • which needed ros-foxy-ros-workspace

         • I used gdebi to install, ros-foxy-ros-workspace which satisfied the need for the ros-foxy-ament-index-python, which satisfied the need for the ros-foxy-xacro. You really don’t appreciate the automatic package install unless you have to manually do it yourself.

       • as I went down the manual installation route, I fell into the rabbit hole and started running into a bunch more package issues

         • we call this a Regression in the computer science when a previous state calls for another state and continues on - well, except in this case, it was the computer giving orders and I was the one who had to do the work

           • manually installed python3-colcon-package-selection, which was required by python3-colcon-parallel-executor, which was required by python3-colcon-powershell, which was required by python3-colcon-python-setup-py, which was required by python3-colcon-recursive-crawl, which was required by python3-catkin-pkg-modules……..

           • time to press the [Control] and [C] key and break out of this mess

           • while I was starting to get frustrated, a friend told me about the ROS GPG Key Expiration incident that happened about a week ago (see below).

     • ROS GPG Key Expiration Incident - ROS Discourse link HERE

       • to make the long story short, a mistake happened and it caused service outage on build.ros.org, build.ros2.org, ROS infrastructure, ROS buildfarm, ROS distro, packages.ros.org, and the Ubuntu key server.

       • Certainly I am impacted by this and to fix this issue, I need to update the public key used for ROS apt repositories using this command for ROS2

         • sudo curl -sSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ros/rosdistro/master/ros.key -o /usr/share/keyrings/ros-archive-keyring.gpg

   • As this simple exercise of getting the ROS2 installed on a Raspberry Pi, I am going to break this off into a separate posting. This way I can keep it updated and reference as I will surely fall back in the same trap in the future. Below is a few items for my own lessons learned

     • Nothing about computers are ever easy. Nothing about underpowered Raspberry Pi is easy. Needless to say, trying to put a 64bit Linux and a ROS2 (both rather new) on an underpowered RPi computer on a SD card is going to be troublesome.

     • Remember the Murphy’s Law! If it can go wrong, it will certainly go wrong ‘exponentially’. Bummer.

PROJECT: Remotely Control Arduino Robot Arm Using IMU Sensor over Bluetooth

So I got started with my next Arduino robotics project based on a cheap bluetooth module and IMU sensors. Also, to stay true to the spirit of the project, I used an Arduino Nano clone and all the cheap parts you can buy from the internet.

If you decide to follow my project, there is a strong chance the exact same parts will not be available and the alternate parts choose will lead you to a new set of problems. This I think is a very important thing to learn as an engineer. I always have to remind myself this too - The skill of an engineer is to be able to “Think” and “To Solve Problems”. Engineering is all about solving problems. Being able to anticipate the unknowns and/or unexpected problems and build it into your project is a key part to a successful project. This means, doing proper research ahead of time, learning from your & other people’s mistakes, estimate your timeline and cost knowing some parts will go bad and need to be re-built/re-purchased. Through out my career, I’ve seen (and responsible for) too many failed projects due to bad planing and estimation. After that, the “Persistence” to stick to the problem no matter how impossible it seems and how frustrating it gets.

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Day 1 - 5/23/2021

The goal of the project is to be able to “remotely control the 4DOF Robot Arm using hand gestures”. The approach I am going to take is to leverage the Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) sensor to read the x, y, z axis movement data of my hand and send the movement command to the Robot Arm over the bluetooth.

The parts I ordered from Amazon arrived and it was time to get started.

• Lafvin Arduino Nano clone - Link

• HiLetgo HC-05 Bluetooth Master Module (this module can be configure as both master or slave) - Link

• HiLetgo HC-06 Bluetooth Slave Module (this is a slave only module that is exactly same a the one that came with my Lafvin 4DOF Robot Arm kit) - Link

• HiLetgo GY-521 MPU6050 3-Axis Accelerometer Gyro Module - Link

As a part of the process of starting a project, I started by testing the parts. During this process, I will also identify any specific configuration and/or modification requirements for the parts. As expected, I started running into the issues.

I normally don’t like giving a specific answer to a problem as I believe the learning/understanding can only come from an engineer finding and solving the problem themselves. However, in some cases, the barrier to entry is just too high or difficult preventing a learner from getting started. I figure this is the time when a handholding is most needed.

There are many reasons why an electronics or software projects will not go right. In fact, this is the case for majority of the projects and an experienced engineers learned to deal with the frustration and calmly keep pushing forward. Here are some of the things to check if you are having issues with uploading your sketch (program code) to the Arduino Nano clone.

1. Try selecting Board as “Arduino Uno” instead of Arduino Nano and try uploading the sketch.

   • This was the problem I ran into and following was a quick workaround to continue testing the board. After uploading a sketch with “Board: Arduino Uno”, I changed it back to “Arduino Nano”, and selected “Processor: ATmega328P (Old Bootloader)” and uploaded the sketch again. This made it work for now, but I will have to update the bootloader later.

   • Update: bootloader updated using the instruction - https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/ArduinoISP

2. USB Driver issue or wrong processor

   • https://youtu.be/0Jvhh9p7ywY

   • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8LihHZdCsbI

3. Other common Arduino Nano clone problems

   • https://youtu.be/YBXGvrnQzOg

---

Planned Next Steps - Work In Progress

• MPU 6050 - setup and reading data - Done

• Bluetooth HC-05 Master setup & connection test - Done

• Align MPU data to the robot arm movement & test drive - WIP

PROJECT: Arduino 4DOF Acrylic Mechanical Robot Arm Kit

Some times it gets really tiring working on an impossible high tech project based on a new ROS2 framework and many of the new ML modules that is constantly breaking. As such, it often is a good idea to come back to the basics to ensure your understanding of the basic skills are solid (or in my case, painfully realize all the gaps in my understanding). I decided to pickup an inexpensive beginner’s kit that includes all the components so I can build it quickly and feel like a winner.

In case you are interested, below is the link and some of my initial thoughts about the kit. (click the picture or link here)

• LAFVIN 4DOF Acrylic Robot Mechanical Arm Claw Kit Compatible with Arduino IDE DIY Robot with CD Tutorial - $37.99 at Amazon when I purchased it.

• There are many kits that are very similar, so make sure to check the user rating/feedback before choosing one.

• The main reason for me choosing this kit was because it included the joystick control and the bluetooth support.

• It was one of the best cost/value at the time in Amazon.

Here is the very quick review of the kit and the lessons learned

• The kit comes with an Arduino Uno clone and a sensor expansion board. The sensor expansion board (blue color) mounts on top of the Arduino board (black color). Having a sensor expansion board made it easier to manage wires as you can just plug in the 4 servo cables and a bluetooth module. Many seasoned engineers disregard it as unnecessary, but I alway see beginners struggle trying to manage all the basic wiring especially when they have to trace wires and debug something later.

• CD that was provided included a PDF manual, Bluetooth app for Android based devices, and example codes for the Arduino. Unlike many of the cheap electronic kits you buy on the internet with no instruction, I found the PDF manual very useful in putting together the robot arm. However, you will still need some skills in building such electronic kits and should already have basic understanding of operating Arduino unit. There are many Youtube videos providing instruction on how to build a similar kit, but I still think a beginner will struggle if he or she tries to build it by himself/herself. This may make a good instructor led project where they can get some hands on help as needed (Note: as I have faced, the real learning will happen as the cheap components quickly go bad where you will have to find replacement part to fix or upgrade you robot).

• It took me about 3 hours to build the kit and successfully run the first test code. I intentionally tried to build it as quickly as I can and use only the tools that was provided in the kit. Well.. just like building a plastic model kit, the cheaper the kit, more difficult and more skill that is required to build it. Needless to say, I made many mistakes including breaking some fragile plastic parts. Strongly recommend instructor led, but if you solo it, watch several Youtube videos on building a similar kit and use proper tools. Go slow and try to learn all the components as every part of this simple robot is what you will need to master as a robot engineer (or you will be like me, having to come back to learn all the basics that you skipped)

• They provide all the components to build the kit like a small screw driver and a wrench, zip tie etc. However, I really struggled trying build it with what was provided (especially trying to tighten many screws with a tiny screw driver and a tiny wrench - stop and get yourself a good set of tools). Also, the acrylic (plastic) parts were much fragile than I expected. Be careful pulling apart all those small and thin pieces. As I rushed, I cracked a few thin pieces that was weight bearing - it later broke off when I ran the robot.

• The servos needs to be aligned to the center (90 degrees) position when you put it together. Having a servo tester is a good idea. However, this is something you will not be able to avoid regardless of how much experience you have. I encourage you to make this mistake - just don’t get too frustrated and never give up. Building a robot means, you will have to rebuild that same robot many many times. Initially to fix your mistakes (like misaligned servos), but later to optimize and improve your robot’s performance. Never give up & keep learning!

---

Day 2 - 5/11/2021

Well, day 2 of the project. As I always over-engineer everything, I already ordered a few programmable master/slave bluetooth modules and a few IMU sensors (Inertial measurement unit - similar to the sensors in your phone to detect which way the phone is moving etc.) so I can remotely control the robot arm using a separate Arduino controller. Why I always make a “simple and fun” project into some impossible never ending project, I have no idea…. hopefully, I use this opportunity to really understand the bluetooth communication modules and the way IMUs work.

After getting the robot built and run the initial test code to ensure the robot was working, today’s objective was to implement all the external control mechanisms. The video above shows the external joysticks to move the robot arm. The servos have good torque and the movement is very snappy. I like the fact that the robot can be driven by the 5V power supplied to the Arduino board via USB for a single servo operation. I may need an additional power source only if I do movement that requires simultaneously servo movements. After a few hours of stress testing it using some set movements, the claw servo is starting to show problem (not responding quickly).

Okay last test for the day. I was able to implement the bluetooth module on the robot and remotely control it using the Android application that was provided. So it took me two nights work to get everything implemented and tested. However, did you see something dangling from the claw? It is one of the part that was cracked and finally broke off. Also, I managed to burn out the claw servo (not working at all now) and stripped the second servo that raises the arm. Did you hear the robot/servo screaming at me when I raised the arm up?

A little break until the IMU sensors, Bluetooth modules, and the replacement servos arrive.

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Day 3 - 5/13/2021

The bluetooth modules and the IMU sensors I purchased arrived. While I spent most of my evening reading up on the IMU documentation and doing some Youtube research, I found these videos that will be very helpful to anyone who wants to start similar project.

• https://youtu.be/EbllieSXplU

  • This is not the same kit I used. However, the components are very similar except mine was made up of cheaper components like Arduino clone etc.

  • This video talks about the same issues I’ve encountered like the cracked parts while building, claw servo burning out (it is really funny that he has the part dangling just like I had in my video above), and other issues.

  • If you plan to use this as an educational tool, these issues are not to be avoided. These problems will provide an excellent opportunity for the young engineers to reflect on what they have not considered, determine how to overcome (e.g. make vs buy replacement parts or better yet, modify the design to avoid the persistent problems from coming back again). Instructor should provide them with a safe environment for them to fail, learn to work together especially during difficult times encourage each other to bring out their strengths. I really do believe these are some of the essential skills that is a par of engineering.

• https://youtu.be/sUqOYZuE3xA

• https://youtu.be/0jcles2cQrs

  • I’ve also included two videos above that I think will help you in building the hardware of the robot

  • As usual, I am doing the learning “after” I’ve already made all the mistakes. Hopefully, you are much smarter than I am, but I still will encourage you to make these mistakes and learn the “art” of overcoming your failures. Good luck and Never Give-up!

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Planned Next Steps

• Mount robot arm on a platform and add IO (LCD display + Button) - Done

• Configure min & max of the movement and add safety functions - Done

• Program display menu structure - Done

• Add RGB LED (NeoPixel) and code lighting functions - Hold until later

RESEARCH: RoboCup

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RoboCup

RoboCup is an annual international robotics competition proposed[1] and founded in 1996 by a group of university professors (including Hiroaki Kitano, Manuela M. Veloso, and Minoru Asada). The aim of the competition is to promote robotics and AI research by offering a publicly appealing – but formidable – challenge.

The name RoboCup is a contraction of the competition's full name, "Robot Soccer World Cup", but there are many other areas of competition such as "RoboCupRescue", "RoboCup@Home" and "RoboCupJunior". In 2019, the international competition was held in Sydney, Australia. Peter Stone is the current president of RoboCup, and has been since 2019.

“Competition pushes advances in technologies. What we learn from robots playing soccer or navigating a maze can be applied to industry and help us solve difficult real-world problems,” according to Professor Maurice Pagnucco, Head of the School of Computer Science and Engineering at UNSW.[2]

RESEARCH: Pixy2 Vision Sensor

Pixy2 Vision Sensor is one of the great inventions that recently hit the market that is causing breakthroughs among the robot makers. It leverages the recent breakthrough in the Computer Vision (CV) and able to detect color patters and line predictions.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EcCbEWiyiQY

https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=pixy2+robot

https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Pixy2

https://dronebotworkshop.com/pixy2-camera/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WgziV1RqJ6M

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gnb6HBHhY8w

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N6g-pxyEQwk

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m4zRQc65HaE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Q8A6LeP41g

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ssSDh5S9-Hc

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VLGDX4c3dzI&t=189s

LIDAR Technology - distance sensing

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tBijO4i_-ag

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pAI_ZJOD7zQ

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ON-5qJTDk0

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xkut3yRL61U

RESEARCH: Optical Flow Sensor

Optical Flow sensors provide reading of the movement by visually reading the surface movement. This is using a very similar technology like the optical mouse for detecting the direction of the movement. I think there are many excellent use cases for these sensors.

I saw an application of this sensor for a robot that had to push a box and call for help if it was too heavy to push on its own. If the robot is not detecting movement optically/visually despite of its wheels are turning, then we know the help is needed.

Some related videos

https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=PMW3901+Optical+Flow+Sensor

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T1e3lTzjw90

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kmpxkKq3zNA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6aQG-J4NzSE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4UeJVA69frw

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o4IfkTGKw3c

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=31I3XRE7PJQ

Choosing between the ROS 1 and ROS 2 - For Dummies Guide for choosing Robot OS

Once you decide to learn ROS (Robot Operating System), next step is to choose between the ROS 1 or ROS 2. There are many resources on the internet that highlights the difference between the ROS1 and ROS2. Following is an excellent article that compares the difference between the two using infographics. As you can see in the article, both ROS1 and ROS2 serves as an excellent platform which contains re-usable tools that will help you develop your robotics projects. They are both backed by a very active and passionate community of roboticists all over the world.

“ROS 2 vs. ROS 1 Which One Is Better For Me?” - https://www.theconstructsim.com/infographic-ros-1-vs-ros-2-one-better-2/

Before we continue, let me make it clear that the ROS2 is not simply a next version of ROS1 - ROS2 is very different than ROS1. Even thought I would agree that the ROS2 includes very important improvements over ROS1, the difference between the two often feels like they are two different OS like Windows OS vs Mac OS. At times, your experiences in ROS1 will hinder your learning of the ROS2. So, the important question is should you start with the ROS1 or ROS2 as a newcomer to the RobotOS. The natural tendency is to start with the later version which is the ROS2 simply because you want to avoid having to learn an older platform which will be deprecated soon. The decision is not that simple.

Consideration for starting with the ROS2 - Engineering is hard and the robotics is harder. While pursuing a robotics project, there will be many times that you will run into problems that you need to research on the internet for and even seek help from the ROS community. As of this writing, mid 2020, the resources and code examples in ROS2 is still rare compared to the more established ROS1. Also, receiving help from the ROS community maybe limited to certain popular topics due to the people in the ROS community still new to the ROS2. The viable reason to start with the ROS2 first is, if it offers the key functionality that you must have in your project such as security requirement, language or platform support, and number of communication nodes required etc. Keep in mind, the road to the ROS2 will give you more capabilities at the end, but the road will certainly be slower and tougher at least for now.

Consideration for starting with the ROS1 - Many people who have some experience in the ROS1 and have dabbled on the ROS2 will likely recommend starting with the ROS1. This is due to the vast amount of resources that you can easily find and reference for your project. You will also be able to find learning materials like books, on-line courses, tutorial much easily and cheaper with the ROS1 (please reference my other post on the ROS for a free ebook by Mr. Jason M. O’Kane - https://www.chibots.org/content-how-to-advanced/getting-started-with-the-ros-robotos ). Although starting out with the ROS1 will provide less painful start, you will soon find yourself envious of the capabilities of the ROS2 and regret not starting with the ROS2.

The key to your success is Getting Started - The more you wait and the more you search, you will just end up with more contradicting recommendations. To add to your confusion and frustration, my recommendation is to start with the ROS1 if your objective is to learn ROS. You will enjoy vast amount of free resources on the internet and the support from the ROS community. If you are pursuing a robotics project that must have the capabilities offered by the ROS2, start with the plan in mind that you will have a lot of learning and R&D along the way. Just like the old saying, there is really no secret and the key is to get started and find out the answer yourself. After all, the reality is that you will end up having to learn both, realizing that there was no shortcut.

I will end my post by sharing my previous journey of learning Python back in 2012ish. Coming from the old C/C++ language, everyone said picking up Python was going to be really easy. When I got started, the Python 2 was the old and more established version and the Python 3 was the new and radically improved version very similar to the ROS1 vs. ROS2 today. Thinking that I can skip the Python2, by going straight to the Python3, I got started by buying an only book at the bookstore on Python3 that costed more than my computer (well at least it felt like it). Unlike what I have expected, learning Python for me took much longer than I have initially thought. Also, whenever I try to push my project beyond the basics of the book’s tutorial, I found myself constantly getting stuck with not being able to find much on the internet (also, online communities like StackOverflow was still very new at the time). Also, because of many open source projects were predominantly written in Python2, I found myself spending more time on Python2 rather than Python3 unless it was for my own project written in 3. Needless to say, I eventually got pretty good on Python, but perhaps the time and pain would have been less if I focused on Python2 first rather than having to learn both Python2 and 3 unintentionally in parallel. As in life, I think there is no shortcut in technology. The key is to get started - You will eventually become a master as long as you don’t give up! I promise.

Getting Started with the ROS (Robot OS)

TurtleBot3 by Robotis - ROS

Among the roboticists, both hobbyists and professionals alike, the ROS (Robot Operating System, https://www.ros.org/) is rapidly becoming one of the major robotics platform for building and driving robots. Some people will argue that the ROS is not exactly an Operating System, as it is a platform or a collection of tools that runs on a Linux OS. Despite of how you categorize it, the true power of ROS comes from the active ROS community and the community developed open-source softwares and middle-wares that are re-usable.

Before the ROS, a roboticist would spend countless hours reinventing the wheel each time they start a new project. One of my biggest frustration coming from the software engineering, is the lack of standardized conventions for driving hardware functionalities. To build a simple 5 axis manipulator aka Robot Arm, I find myself spending considerable amount of time and effort learning about the individual hardware components and its embedded softwares. As the robotics require advanced skills in multiple domains including mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, and software engineering (and nowadays Machine Learning, Computer Vision etc.), it is most likely that a robotics project will get stalled before you get to the point where you start thinking about programming the robot to move. Needless to say, that the small research project involving inverse kinematics of a robot arm, is not a small project due to the hidden obstacles and barriers coming from the multiple domains of expertise that are beyond most of us.

ROS as a meta-operating system provides process management and hardware abstraction. This means, you can re-use the thousands of hardware and software components that are already built by the ROS community and focus in the area of your expertise. Think of it as getting access to various Arduino libraries that extends the functionalities of your sensors without have to write it yourself. ROS is especially helpful for driving advanced components and/or very specific use cases. I think the ROS provides the best opportunity to leverage what other have already built and to share what you have built with the others.

There are lots of resources available on the internet and the bookstores. One of the resources I would recommend starting out is the “A Gentle Introduction to ROS” by Mr. Jason M. O’Kane - https://www.cse.sc.edu/~jokane/agitr/ . The book is free for individual use and is highly recommended by the ROS community. Why not give ROS a try? It will certainly be a great tool to have in your robotics toolkit.

RESEARCH: DFRobot HUSKYLENS - an easy-to-use AI vision sensor

HuskyLens is an easy-to-use AI camera. It can learn to detect objects, faces, and colors just by clicking.

• https://www.dfrobot.com/blog-1327.html?gclid=CjwKCAjw9vn4BRBaEiwAh0muDNiFc0gposDDrGYDjl-ZpL57CrEERb2vlvS98zy6gs837ViAmDW5gBoCBPMQAvD_BwE

• https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/1371216747/huskylens-an-ai-camera-click-learn-and-play

• https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B089GLJHZD/ref=ppx_yo_dt_b_asin_title_o02_s00?ie=UTF8&psc=1

RESEARCH: DFRobot Digital Adjustable Infrared Proximity Sensor

DFRobot Wiki

• https://wiki.dfrobot.com/Adjustable_Infrared_Sensor_Switch__SKU_SEN0019

RESEARCH: MPU-9250 Accelerometer, Gyroscope and Magnetometer

The MPU-9250 is a 9-axis MotionTracking device that combines a 3-axis gyroscope, 3-axis accelerometer, 3-axis magnetometer, and a Digital Motion Processor (DMP).

MPU9250 Data Sheet

• https://cdn.sparkfun.com/assets/learn_tutorials/5/5/0/MPU-9250-Register-Map.pdf

Referece documents

• http://www.ymmv.co.uk/?m=elec&p=revMPU9250

• https://robojax.com/learn/arduino/?vid=robojax-MPU9250

• https://www.seeedstudio.com/blog/2019/12/09/getting-started-with-mpu-9250-arduino-guide/

• https://www.adafruit.com/product/2472?gclid=Cj0KCQjwo6D4BRDgARIsAA6uN1-2X7tefKLzjRWGs7sI0H_OQPnOjDqt-hR5ATTccq2BRn9xRm2giPkaAphdEALw_wcB

• http://www.hiletgo.com/ProductDetail/1953399.html

• http://www.starlino.com/imu_guide.html

RESEARCH: Triple Axis Compass Magnetometer Sensor (GY-271 & GY-273; MPU-6050)

The Compass Module is designed for low-field magnetic sensing with a digital interface and perfect to give precise heading information. This compact sensor fits into small projects such as UAVs and robot navigation systems. The sensor converts any magnetic field to a differential voltage output on 3 axes. This voltage shift is the raw digital output value, which can then be used to calculate headings or sense magnetic fields coming from different directions.

• http://wiki.sunfounder.cc/index.php?title=GY-271_HMC5883L_3-Axis_Magnetic_Electronic_Compass_Module

What is the difference between GY-271 & GY-273?

• The reference voltage on the GY-273 is internal 3.3v & GY-271 is Vcc. (The linked posting below is recommending GY-271 a better option of an Arduino Uno or Nano.

• GY-271 diagram - http://www.robotpark.com/image/data/PRO/91457/GY_271_ELECTRONIC_COMPASS.pdf

• GY273 diagram - https://c1.staticflickr.com/9/8120/29584973591_7061f235b7_o.jpg

• Original posting - https://forum.arduino.cc/index.php?topic=492733.0#:~:text=Both%20include%20pullup%20resistors%20on,pullup%20resistors%20are%204k7%20Ohms.

Other components

• https://www.adafruit.com/product/4479?gclid=Cj0KCQjwo6D4BRDgARIsAA6uN183ZgxqV_s7JpN3lw81CFU9cFyeFrSJ3ARAjgY7RRGk4dSsJW6eWOMaAqoxEALw_wcB

• https://www.newark.com/dfrobot/dfr0033/digital-magnetic-sensor/dp/79AC5518?gclid=Cj0KCQjwo6D4BRDgARIsAA6uN19DAce3EVHZZkNaFykVzmbuqsXMrqkyWvaLpkHMUkX4RwD8HCXPzCIaAtfIEALw_wcB&mckv=sJ75O62WU_dc|pcrid|434136793563|plid||kword||match||slid||product|79AC5518|pgrid|100464451626|ptaid|pla-903729965890|&CMP=KNC-GUSA-GEN-Shopping-NewStructure-Embedded-Computers-Education-MakerBoards

• https://vetco.net/products/mpu-6050-gy-521-3-axis-accelerometer-and-gyro-for-arduino?gclid=CjwKCAjwmf_4BRABEiwAGhDfSaECKiBi6I0dXEUllaLDip0FK5pAliCsrBwCNJr3CFXAbpMPeTYxCBoCrmYQAvD_BwE

Use Cases

• https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/RobotCompass

RESEARCH: RoboGames - RoboMagellan (aka Robo-Magellan) - Autonomous Navigation and Obstacle Avoidance

Robo-Magellan is a robotics competition emphasizing autonomous navigation and obstacle avoidance over varied, outdoor terrain. Robots have three opportunities to navigate from a starting point to an ending point and are scored on time required to complete the course with opportunities to lower the score based on contacting intermediate points. - RoboGames

http://robogames.net/rules/magellan.php

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robomagellan

Youtube Videos

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J3AO9TesmQc

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Awk1HTU8bSA

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tBzxR1qviII

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M3XdDjUcS3U

Other Resources

• http://brooksbots.com/Robomagellan.html

• https://robothon.org/2016/08/20/robo-magellan-event-june-19/

• http://www.ottawarobotics.org/robomagellan/

• https://www.botmag.com/robomagellan-robot-online-bonus-content/

• http://pvit.org/projects/robomagellan/

• https://jpieper.com/tag/robomagellan/

• https://diggerrobot.wordpress.com/the-cone-finder/

• https://www.google.com/search?q=how+to+use+gps+with+robot&oq=how+to+use+gps+with+robot&aqs=chrome..69i57j33.4099j0j8&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8

RESEARCH: RoboGames (aka ROBOlympics) - The World's Largest Robot Competition

RoboGames (Previously ROBOlympics) is an annual robot contest held in San Mateo, California. The most recent RoboGames wa held April 27-29, 2018. According to the Guinness Book of World Records, the 2005 RoboGames held the record for the world’s largest robot completion until being surpassed by VEX Worlds in 2016.

Competitions involve roboticists from around the world competing in over 50 different events: autonomously navigating robots, stair climbing, weight lifting, combat robots, fire-fighters, LEGO bots, hockey bots, walking humanoids, soccer bots, sumo bots, and kung-fu. About 2/3 of the robots events are autonomous while remaining 1/3 are remote controlled. Many of the popular events such as combat robotics are still remotely controlled.

http://robogames.net

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RoboGames

RoboGames events are divided into ten general categories:

• Humanoids, for human-like robots

• Sumo, where the robots push their opponents

• Combat, where the object is to destroy one's opponent's robot

• Junior League, a category for under-18s

• Autonomous Autos, a navigation category

• BEAM, a racing competition,

• Art Bots, for aesthetically pleasing robots

• Robot Soccer, a soccer competition

• Autonomous Humanoid Challenges

• Open, a miscellaneous category

http://robogames.net/events.php